Alzheimer s Disease - 1565 Words

#1 Make Observation What causes Alzheimer’s disease neurologically? This question came to my mind when I was watching the movie ‘The Notebook’ for the fifth time. Unusual for a guy, I love romantic genre movies and I was wondering why Alzheimer causes short and long term memory loss. I also had an interest on the Alzheimer’s disease after watching the movie ‘Rise of the Planet of the Apes’ where the protagonist tries to fix the neurology nerve system to heal his father’s Alzheimer. #2 Ask Question What causes Alzheimer’s disease neurologically? #3 Create possible explanation I think the core reason of the Alzheimer’s disease lie on the nerve pathway signal transmission. I think the nerve pathway signal transmission system is same as all†¦show more content†¦Then the articles went into deeper matters with mouse models so I stopped my research of A-Beta here. It says that the cause for the Alzheimer’s disease is essentially unknown and all of these researches are part of the hypotheses. There are many hypotheses including the cholinergic and the amyloid hypotheses. But the A-Beta is the most recent hypotheses in the field of science since the A-Beta theory was updated in 2009. Then, I took my TA’s advice and went to find the biology behind the transmission of nerve impulses. Neurons have a part called the dendrites and this is where the neuron fires a correct impulse to another neuron through the axon. Axon is a long projection that connects nerve cells. Just like a normal cell, the neurons have cell membranes as well. When the neuron is not transmitting impulse, the reason is in its cell membrane. When the neuron cell is polarized, that is when the neuron is inactive. The outside of the cell contains excess sodium ions and the inside of the cell contains excess potassium ions. However, the inside of the cell is negative due to other negatively charged protein and nucleic acid molecules inside the cell. There are Na+/K+ pumps on the membranes and it is permeable! When the neuron gets stimulated, the sodium ions flow in to the cell and the neuron gets depolarized. When the neuron reaches the complete depolarization, impulse isShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1421 Words   |  6 Pagesengulfed by a mysterious disease. The neurons being cut off and destroyed by two abnormal structures. First memory is affected gradually getting worse. Then one is unable to think properly, reason, and lacks of self control. Gaps are formed in the brain s ventricles, due to the amount of dead tissue. In the end, it will lead to death. All of this may sound like something from a science fiction movie but infact its very real. These are all known possible symptoms of a common disease that affects aboutRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Disease935 Words   |  4 Pageswith Alzheimer’s disease. This disease is commonly found in the elderly. This explains why people assume older people have a bad memory. Alzheimer’s does not occur in a s hort period of time, it typically takes months to develop. It involves gradual memory loss due to two specific protein fragments that spread to different parts of the brain killing brain cells as they go. As mentioned in the article Alzheimer’s Disease Fact Sheet (2015), Dr. Alois Alzheimer first discovered the disease by noticing somethingRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). The human brain is a remarkably complex organ that processes, stores, and recalls information. â€Å"Alzheimer s disease (AD) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that Alzheimer s disease resultsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1304 Words   |  6 P agesperson knows well, or asking questions continuously can be signs of a more serious problem. It is a disease of the brain that started slowly and gets worse as the time progresses. Alzheimer’s is a progressive destroying of brain tissue that primarily strikes people over the age of 65. Brain functions such as memory, comprehension, and speech deteriorate. The term first introduced by Dr. Alois Alzheimers in 1906. Memory is lost first. As days passes, attention tends to distracted, simple calculationsRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1172 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in America. It kills more than breast cancer and prostate cancer combined. Alzheimer’s accounts for 70-80% of dementia cases. By the age of 65, 1 in 9 people are diagnosed and by the age of 85, 1 in 3 people will have the disease. According to the Alzheimer Association, 5 million people in American have Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s starts to form 20 years prior to being diagnosed. Learning about Alzheimer’s can help familiesRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that is seen in the elderly. It is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was aRead MoreThe For Alzheimer s Disease1596 Words   |  7 PagesRember , has shown to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease in early clinical trials. TauRx Therapeutics developed the drug in collaboration with the University of Aberdeen to inhibit the aggregation of Tau proteins as well as enhancing key mitochondrial activity (such as Complex IV) (Atamna 22). Tau proteins stabilize microtubules and are abundant in the neurons of the central nervous system. It is believed that Alzheimer’s disease can originate from Tau proteins improperly stabilizing microtubulesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : Disease1759 Words   |  8 Pages Alzheimer’s Disease Madison Lollar Psychology 1030-C62 Volstate Community College Word Count: 1,589 Alzheimer’s Disease: When it comes to Alzheimer’s, I know firsthand how it affects individuals and their families. My great grandfather had Alzheimer’s for many years before his passing late last year, at age 92. Alzheimer’s is a disease that many individuals suffer with each year, but yet with all the advancements in modern medicine we still have no cure for it. There are differentRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1385 Words   |  6 PagesThe disease stem cells could fix is called Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The reason I chose this topic is because I have seen first hand how badly someone who suffers from Alzheimer’s Disease is affected in their daily lives. This disease completely takes over their lives and they turn into a completely different person who can hardly function. AD is very tough on the loved ones of the person suffering from it because that person, most of the time has no idea what is going on or who their loved onesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Disease1304 Words   |  6 Pages10, 2015 Alzheimer’s Disease Alzheimer’s is a disease in the brain that affects a person’s memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia and is common in adults older than 65. More than five million Americans are being affected by Alzheimer’s at this moment. Alzheimer’s comes in three stages; early, middle, and advanced. The disease is caused by the shrinking of the brain due to many risk factors and genetics. Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are often confused because

The Depiction of Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by...

The Depiction of Fear in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe As Edgar Allan Poe wrote, The Fall of the House of Usher, he uses characterization, and imagery to depict fear, terror, and darkness on the human mind. Plot: Roderick and his twin sister Madeline are the last of the all time-honored House of Usher. They are both suffering from rather strange illnesses which may be attributed to the intermarriage of the family. Roderick suffers from a morbid acuteness of the senses, while Madelines illness is characterized by a settled apathy, a gradual wasting away of the person, and frequent all though transient affections of a partly cataleptically character which caused her to lose consciousness and†¦show more content†¦As they are reading literature in the study, there is a loud knock at the door and at that moment the climax is Madeline at the door embodied in blood from scratching her way out of the coffin. The narrator at that moment realizes they buried her alive and looks to Roderick for answers and he is sitting in complete terror so much that he could not look at Madeline, as he realizes that death has come for him. Madeline proceeds to walk towards Roderick and fall on him, the reader you assume that she begins to eat him but the narrator flees in fear of death. A gust of wind blew the doors, and there did stand the enshrouded figure of the lady Madeline...There was blood upon her white robes, and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. For a moment she remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold, then with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon#8230;her brother, and in her violent and now final death agonies, bore him to the floor a corpse#8230;. Suddenly the wrath of the storm increased, and the mansion began to shake and crumble. The friend frantically fled from the chamber and from out of that mansion. Only once did he turn to glance back, when his attention was arrested by a wild light#8230;The radiance was that of the full setting...blood red moon, which now show vividly through that once barely discernibleShow MoreRelatedThe Fall of the House of Usher1239 Words   |  5 Pages At th e moment, all was silent and not even a squeak could be heard. But if a house collapsed in the middle of a forest, and no one was around to hear it, did it make a sound? With such wonders, death, and darkness also come the work of Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is known as a literature legend. He wrote many complicated horror and detective fiction stories, which also represents the artsy twentieth century (â€Å"Poe† 1316). Many of his works are poems and short stories. As for his life, it startedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Fall In The House Of Usher884 Words   |  4 PagesDeep Into the Mind of Fear: Literary Analysis â€Å"...Madman!- he sprung to his feet, and shrieked out his syllables, as if in the effort he were giving up his soul†(Poe 277). The short stories, The Fall in the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe, and The Minister’s Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne explore fear in a deeper context. Fear is a very common emotion. Fear is the result of encounters with the unknown. The Fall in the House of Usher, shows a very anxious Roderick Usher sending for a childhoodRead MoreWomens Role in The Fall of the House of Usher 1428 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Pole was a very obscure person: I cannot argue that; however, this does not necessarily mean that all of his stories depict evil. In the case of â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, for example, it was not evil that caused the mansion to collapse. It was fear and insanity. Fear of a long, poisoned direct ancestry that haunts the living descendants each day, and the unhealthy mental mind of a product of that lineage, is what figuratively ended the House of Usher, not evil. Additionally, theRead MoreJadon Vanderslice.. Ms. Glass. English 1213. 5 February1715 Words   |  7 PagesJadon Vanderslice. Ms. Glass English 1213 5 February 2017 Poe Edgar Allan Poe, arguably one of the best poets ever, has wrote many great and deep-meaning poems, such as â€Å"Annabel Lee,† and â€Å"Dream Within a Dream.† Both putting off a rather dark image and goth-like elements, a way of writing Poe loved best. Mostly known for â€Å"The Raven†, Poe’s Poems all have real deep and mysterious meanings that make people think a bit more to figure it out. The way he expressed terror, the suspense, the heighteningRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven 1602 Words   |  7 PagesJadon Vanderslice. Ms. Glass English 1213 5 February 2017 Poe Edgar Allan Poe, arguably one of the best poets ever, has wrote many great and deep-meaning poems, such as â€Å"Annabel Lee,† and â€Å"Dream Within a Dream.† Both putting off a rather dark image and goth-like elements, a way of writing Poe loved best. Mostly known for â€Å"The Raven†, Poe’s Poems all have real deep and mysterious meanings that make people think a bit more to figure it out. The way he expressed terror, the suspense, the heighteningRead MoreExamples Of Heroism In The Fall Of The House Of Usher810 Words   |  4 PagesEdgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is an example of gothic literature in his depiction of Roderick Usher as gothic hero, his gloomy setting of the Usher mansion, elements of horror, and supernatural phenomena to highlight his themes of madness, isolation, fear, and foreboding. Unlike the traditional concept of hero as a savior beating impossible odds, Roderick Usher demonstra tes characteristics of gothic hero in his struggle with madness. Traditional heroes, like EthelredRead MoreEvocation of Fear in the Fall of House of Usher2190 Words   |  9 PagesKatie Valdesuso November 30, 2010 ENGL 439 Prof. Allan R. Life The Evocation of Terror in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher In his Philosophy of Composition, Edgar Allan Poe informs us that he begins writing with â€Å"the consideration of an effect† (430). Most of Poe’s poetry and fiction exemplifies his assertion that a preconceived effect upon a reader is undoubtedly fundamental to his creative work. Poe’s tales of terror in particular epitomize the supremacy of his craftRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Writing2567 Words   |  11 Pageshave been numerous amounts of inspirational authors that have gone through hardships in their life, whose work has changed the way people view literature. One of the most notable authors to take his heartbreak and tie it into his writing is Edgar Allan Poe. Like Poe, some famous authors give the readers a window to view inside their head and their life. By looking at Poe’s gothic and romantic writings, his audience can see characteristics of himself mingled in parts of different literary elements. Read MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pages(1824–26) and Nikolai Gogols Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (1831–32). The first examples in the United States are Charles Brockden Browns Somnambulism (1805), Washington Irvings Rip van Winkle (1819) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820), Edgar Allan Poes Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) and Nathaniel Hawthornes Twice-Told Tales (1842). In the latter 19th century, the growth of print magazines and journals created a strong demand for short fiction of between 3,000 and 15

Senior Paper Free Essays

Women in Islam have little access to education. In many areas girls are often taken out of school when they hit puberty. (â€Å"listserv†). We will write a custom essay sample on Senior Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now When boys and girls are in third grade they are able to go to the same school but after that, they are unable to do so. (â€Å"listserv†) In some parts if Islam the girls can’t be taught by a man after a certain age because it has a negative impact on girls’ education. (â€Å"listserv†) While some progress has been made, women are still struggling to be successful. Literacy rates among young Islam women are extreme low. Only 18 percent of women between 15 and 24 can read. The total number of children enrolled in primary schools is increasing rapidly, but the percentage of female students is not Women can do some of the same jobs that men can do. Sometimes women can actually do jobs better than men in particular jobs. In Islam men believe that they should have more right to jobs than women. (â€Å"The True Clash of Civilians†). Men and women should share equal responsibility. They might not be identical duties, but the totality of rights and responsibilities are balanced. The Quern says, â€Å"Women have the same rights as are expected in all decency from them, while men stand a step above them. Sure 2:228) In Islam, the alee and importance of women in society and the true measure of their success as human beings, is measured with completely different criteria. And their obedience to Him, and fulfillment of the duties He has entrusted them with. In Islam Women have strong beliefs in being leaders. That being said, Islam is a practical religion, and responds to human needs and life situations. Many women need or wish to work for various reasons. For example, some women may want to be mayor in their country or district. Some men in Islam believe that men make better political leaders than women. (â€Å"listserv†). When Prophet Mohammad was alive he allowed his women to take on powerful leadership positions. But, after his death, the role of women in society became very hard to maintain. The role of women in Islam is difficult to maintain. There are many different areas of Islam and different interpretations of the Curran verses, which place the role in Islamic societies in different ways. Like I said before women can do a good of a job as men especially when they have a leadership job. Knowing that women have little access to education, there are some solutions and steps we can take to slowly change the outcome of women. Many societies including some Muslim societies continue to exercise this manner in different forms such as the denial to education. Education is also highly competitive and in our country with culture so important, all children are encouraged to study hard in school and do well at a university level in order to be successful. Muslim girls are encouraged to work towards college education as much as Muslim boys. Some Muslims don’t believe in allowing their daughters to go to school. But if Muslim girls just worked hard or even harder then maybe their parents can see that they are trying to better homeless. They don’t allow them to learn to read, to participate in debates, to pursue their Master degrees, to succeed in their respective careers, and to make something of their lives. Not being able to do something makes someone want to do it more, so the girls must work extra hard to prove that they can too succeed. Three-quarters of the 1 00 million people are unable to read or write in the Arab countries, which are aged between 15 and 45 years old. But for some women of Islam, that doesn’t stop them. Many Muslim women have to cope with the challenges of working in a non-Muslim environment. All women have been exposed to the workplace at some point in their lives can fully grasp the reasons why working outside the home is an enormous problem, particularly for Muslim women. How to cite Senior Paper, Papers

Pharmacology for Nursing Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Questions: 1.What are the Indications and actions of the prescribed Medications? 2.What are the most Common Interactions of the prescribed Medications? 3.Discuss the Medication Management Education that is required to Enable Angela to manage her Medications at home. Answers: 1.The condition that Mrs Angela Brown aged 68 undergoes is what is medically referred to as multimorbidity. Basically, multimorbidity is condition where two or more chronic disease affects the patients. This situation is mostly prevalent among the older people. The cations that were taken at first to give het Metronidazole500mg was ideal at that particular time since the results of such prescription plays a very major role in the state of person (Pinnell Hoopla digital, 2014). From the patients who have undergone the same challenge they are given the same prescription to relieve the situation or most importantly relive the severity of the chronic problem indicated above. However, some precautionary measures ought to be taken before taking this medication since it contains some high level of carcinogenic which may incredibly affect the patient who has history of kidney or liver problem (Herbert-Ashton Clarkson, 2008).It is therefore important for the nurses to take full history of t he patient regarding the past history so as to see or rather determine the relevancy of being given the said medication before being administered to the patient so as not to cause some risk factors that are associated with it. Probably, Mrs Angela Brown may be experiencing some form of discomfort if the previous doctor was not able to clearly capture her past history on her conditions (Hogan, Burke, Gingrich Taylor, 2013). It is always prudent that before this medicine is administered the medic should have prior knowledge of the patient so as to know how best to medicate them. Regular checkup also amounts to gradual improvement of the patient. However, all this squarely depend on the readiness of the patients to discloses all the information regarding their health so as to have clear knowledge on how to be assisted by the concerned medic in their area of expertise (Lilley, Collins Snyder, 2017). It has been observed that the cooperation of the patient with the doctor or practition er is very instrumental in seeing to it that they are in a position of getting the best services.2.Metronidazole500mg IV tds should be taken as prescribed by the doctor as there are some complexity that may be evident if it not taken according to the prescription to the latter (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is ideal to note that the aforementioned drug should be taken 2 hours upon completion of taking meals. Similarly, this drug ought not to be chewed, crushed or broken in the process of taking it as it may have dire problems to the patient taking it. This also implies it may not play its major role as intended and thereby it is always recommended that it should be taken like that in its totality (Toy, 2008). To ensure that the aforesaid drug does not have effect to ones body, it is ideal for one to get some regular testing on blood and liver so as to ascertain that their condition is stable. Therefore, it is always important for the patient to tell the doctor that they are using Metr onidazole500mg IV tds so as to give their doctor easier time to know how to treat orc which medicine to prescribe for the patient. It has been established that skipping of this medicine results to higher risks to the patients (Sammour, 2010). For this reason, it would be prudent for the patient to visit the medic and tell them their situation if they discover they have not taken the drug for some days since taking it without the consent of the doctor may have negative impact to its taker. Another area of concern is that, there is also need for the patient to have close contact with the medical care taker so as to guide them on appropriate step to take in case the side effect of such medicine becomes conspicuous. There is also need to have home nursing care because of its notable role in adding the person to recover well. This is also met to see to it that the patient observes the prescription to the latter. 3.For Mrs Angela to manage her medication, it will be importantly for her to have regular checkup and medical consultation so as to aid her fully recuperate from that worsening condition. Regular checkups are very instrumental to such patients since it would provide a clear report of her performance or progress and thereby allowing the doctor to know how best to go about her conditions (Lehne, 2010). To add on that, basing on Angelas age, it is important for her to get some home nursing which will significantly play noble roe in her quick recuperations. Her conditions may be termed as the one that needs palliative care and thereby this close monitoring and nursing will allow her to fully recover fast than anticipated. There are some of the practices that one has to avoids while taking this medication (Kee, Hayes McCuistion, 2015). This is like issue of one taking alcohol or liquor. Nonetheless, it has been observed that Metronidazole500mg IV tds has innumerable side effects if the p recautionary steps are not fully put into consideration for the safety of the patient. Therefore, Angela needs someone who will always monitor her condition for better recovery. It may be taken twice for seven days and most practitioner prefer this since it shows great improvement in the part of the patient. Some of its side effects are diarrhea slurring in speech and many others (Burchum Rosenthal, 2015). Angela may be able to manage her nursing at home if she is in constant communication with her nurse who offers her, palliative care there at home (Katzung Trevor, 2015). Since this is multimorbidity condition, it requires very close monitoring and thereby Angela may be able to realize her objective of recovery well she needs to get full support from the nurse who us responds to her health issues on time Interactions of drugs and its effects drug to drug interactions These are drugs that raises the interactions for other medicines. Drug to drug interactions may at time decrease the functionality of ones normal medicine and thereby hinder their way of recovery as such. This in essence may increase the chances of developing serious form of illness and to solve causing side effects which are very prone in magnitude (Katzung Trevor, 2015). For instance, if one takes a verity of drugs such as antihistamine, Benadryl and Vicodin, they may develop drowsiness to reactivity if such drugs in the body. Some medicine such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in indomethacin, lowers the functionality of kidney and thereby hinder the excretion oflithium, a drug used for bipolar disorder. The remedy of this is a dose adjustment and clear monitoring of the patient. drug to food interactions It is ideal to note that there are some of the drugs that can negatively interact with some food such grapefruit juicer. This is because the said food reduces the level of enzymes that is very crucial in breaking down the said medication. As such blood level for a particular drug increases and thereby resulting to high level of toxic in the body (Lehne, 2010). For example Salbutamol 2 puffs prn Amiodarone 200mg daily Aspirin 300mg daily On the same breath, the result of this may be pains in the muscles which is medically known as rhabdomyolysis. Bronchodilators for instance, theophylline or albuterol, and epinephrine may have great effect to the person especially if used with food. It is for this reason that one is advanced to avoid beverages that contain caffeine. Taking much of this increases the bioavailability of theophylline level in patient drug to herbal interactions Herbal interactions may have adverse effect to its consumers for a number of reasons explicated below. This is majorly attributed to the fact that most of the herbal drugs have not been labeled with safety warning which is a major characteristics of other medicine. As such the consumer may take the supplement only to find it is reacting negatively with either food or any other drug. This may incredibly interfere with the normal taking of drugs as it does hinder the breaking down of the drug and as such may result to other side effects (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is important for one to always check with the doctor to ascertain the safety of a particular herbal before its consumption. References Brenner, G. M., Stevens, C. W. (2013).Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Burchum, Jacqueline., Rosenthal, Laura. (2015).Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care. W B Saunders Co. Herbert-Ashton, M. J., Clarkson, N. E. (2008).Pharmacology. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Hogan, M. A., Burke, S. O., Gingrich, M. M., Taylor, T. (2013).Pharmacology. Boston: Pearson. Katzung, B. G., Trevor, A. J. (2015).Basic and clinical pharmacology. Kee, J. L. F., Hayes, E. R., McCuistion, L. E. (2015).Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing process approach. Lehne, R. A. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing care. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2017).Pharmacology and the nursing process. Pinnell, N. N., Hoopla digital. (2014).Nursing pharmacology. United States: Dot EDU. Sammour, S. G. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing. Toy, E. C. (2008).Pharmacology. New York: M

Whos for the Game and Recruiting Essay Example

Whos for the Game and Recruiting Paper EA Mackintoshs Recruiting and Jessie Popes Whos for the Game? are both effective poems to look at when making a comparison between views of war in poetry, since there is definite contrast between the two. The primary difference is that Mackintoshs poem is very much anti-war whereas Popes poem takes a pro-war stance. As the poems are so fundamentally different in their approach to the topic it is not surprising that the rhyming schemes and language employed are also different. Jessie Popes Whos for the Game? presentation of war is quite different to that of Mackintosh, she is very pro war and does not regard it to be a life ending opportunity. With her poem she is actively trying to recruit young men, she attempts to do so by aiming her poem at the ordinary working classes, for this she uses everyday language. She writes in a conversational manner, which makes the poem more memorable and persuasive. She uses tactics in her poem to persuade men to join up; one of them is comparing the war to a game, implying that there is little danger on the battlefield. We will write a custom essay sample on Whos for the Game and Recruiting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Whos for the Game and Recruiting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Whos for the Game and Recruiting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She also refers to the war as a sport where a player would return with a minor injury such as a crutch. Within the poem, Pope uses many questions, which involve the reader more and together with the use of everyday language gives the poem a less formal feel. Her use of anaphora regarding the word who allows the message to be stored with the reader and has a slight brain washing effect to it. She persuades the men to join the army by making them feel deceitful and cowardly if they were to stay at home. She also has a friendly manner in her propaganda poem as she refers to the men as lads. She pressurises the men into joining the forces with her assumption that they will come on alright. Pope makes the country more appealing and dependable upon their support when she gives it a female gender. This capitalises on the sexist attitude of the era where men were expected to take care of and protect their women. Pope has written this poem in four quatrains with a regular rhythm and rhyme scheme. This makes the poem more memorable. The technique used seems to be similar to childrens poetry and as such trivialises her subject matter. This poem is a recruiting poem with the aim of encouraging men to volunteer to join the forces. It was written at the beginning of the First World War and therefore the true disastrous effects of the war had not been experienced. Those left behind, women, children and exempt men, were often unaware of the true horror of the war and instead were seduced by a romantic ideal, this is what appears to have happened to Pope. Other poets and many soldiers, who saw her as typical of the unfeeling civilian who was supporting the war from the relative safety of the home front, particularly detested Jessie Pope, EA Mackintosh was one of these people. EA Mackintoshs Recruiting is in total contrast to Jessie Popes Whos for the Game? It is a satirical view of the propaganda going on back home to an increasingly patriotic society. Fat civilians wishing they could go and fight the Hun, Cant you see them thanking God, That theyre over forty one? The simple almost jolly rhyme and rhythm help to strengthen the satirical view. Mackintoshs poem has a dark humour to it, unlike Popes poem, and it focuses on the many negative aspects of war and the consequences of staying at home. Girls with feathers, vulgar songs , women at home would hand out white feathers to the men at home, like Pope women wouldnt have much respect for healthy men not joining up for the war. Mackintosh, like Pope uses language which would be understood by everyone, he uses phrases the men would be used to Lads, youre wanted, go and help' and then compares it to the realistic image of the trenches with Lads, youre wanted! Over there. He follows the tradition of simple propaganda. He reveals how tragic an existence in the trenches is with More poor devils like yourselves waiting to be killed by you. His simple and regular poem conveys to the reader that war is not a game but a very horrific event. Mackintosh singles out journalists in his poem Help to make the columns stuff for the blasted journalists since they are making profits out of the misery of war. Pope however does not appear to think that the journalists are doing any harm since her poem has been written for a newspaper. Mackintosh has respect for all the men in the war come and learn to live and die with honest men but he does not insult the men not joining the war effort like Pope does making them sound lazy taking a seat in the stand. Pope makes the war sound like a huge source of entertainment, referring to it as fun, with the added bonus of fighting for your country. Mackintosh keeps to his anti war status throughout the poem and regards signing up for the war as helping to swell the names in the causality list. Mackintosh ends his poem on a rather sinister but truthful note come and die. Joining the war was not as Pope described and the sad truth was Mackintoshs description was probably accurate. Jessie Pope ends her poem on a positive note making the reader feel their country actually needs them and are calling for you. Both these poems are effective in studying the literature of the First World War as they both present such different pictures. Mackintoshs poem is an excellent example of poetry portraying the realism of war whereas Popes poem is an admirable model of the unfortunate attitude cultivated on the home front. The contrast between the two allows the reader to see the reality of the First World War from two different perspectives.

Horrifying Hammerhead Worm Facts

Horrifying Hammerhead Worm Facts The hammerhead worm (Bipalium sp.) is a terrifying and toxic terrestrial flatworm. Its both a predator and a cannibal, and is basically a large planarian that lives on land. While the distinctive-looking worms dont pose a direct threat to human beings, they are an invasive species that eradicates earthworms. Fast Facts: Hammerhead Worm Scientific Name: Bipalium sp.Other Names: Broadhead planarian, landchovyDistinguishing Features: Large terrestrial planarian with a spade-shaped head and ventral foot or creeping soleAverage Size: Over 20 cm in length (B. kewense)Diet: Carnivorous, known to eat earthworms and each otherLifespan: Potentially immortalHabitat: Distributed worldwide, preferring humid, warm habitatsConservation Status: Not evaluatedKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: RhabditophoraOrder: TricladidaFamily: GeoplanidaeFun Fact: The hammerhead worm is one of very few terrestrial invertebrates known to produce tetrodotoxin. Description The most distinctive features of the hammerhead worm are its fan-shaped or spade-like head and long, flattened body. The underside of the planarian has a large creeping sole used for locomotion. Species are differentiated by the shape of the head, size, coloration, and stripe pattern. The terrestrial planarians are earth-colored, found in shades of gray, brown, gold, and green. Small hammerhead worms include B. adventitium, which ranges from 5 to 8  cm (2.0 to 3.1  in) in length. In contrast, adult B. kewense worms can exceed 20 cm in length. The hammerhead worm has a long, flattened body and a broad head. up close with nature / Getty Images Distribution and Habitat Hammerhead worms are native to tropical and subtropical regions, but have become invasive worldwide. It is believed the planarians were accidentally distributed on rooted horticultural plants. Because hammerhead worms require humidity, they are uncommon in desert and mountain biomes. Diet Bipalium worms are carnivores, known to prey on earthworms, slugs, insect larvae, and each other. The worms detect prey using chemoreceptors located under the head or ventral groove. A hammerhead worm tracks its prey, pushes it against a surface, and entangles it in slimy secretions. Once the prey is mostly immobilized, the worm extends is pharynx out from its body and secretes digestive enzymes. It sucks liquefied tissue into its branched gut using cilia. When digestion is complete, the worms mouth also serves as its anus. Hammerhead worms store food in vacuoles in their digestive epithelium. A worm can survive several weeks on its reserves and will cannibalize its own tissues for food. Bipalium kewense capturing an earthworm. Researchers believe the planarian secretes a toxin to immobilize its prey.   Jean-Lou Justine​, Leigh Winsor, Delphine Gey, Pierre Gros, and Jessica Thà ©venot Toxicity While some types of worms are edible, the hammerhead worm is not among them. The planarian contains the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin. The toxin is found in pufferfish, the blue-ringed octopus, and rough-skinned newts, but not in a terrestrial invertebrate prior to its discovery in the hammerhead worm. The worm can use the toxin to immobilize prey and deter predators. Behavior Hammerhead worms have been mistakenly called hammerhead slugs because they move in a slug-like fashion. They use cilia on their creeping sole to glide over a strip of mucus. The worms have also been observed lowering themselves down a string of mucus. Land planarians are photo-negative and need high humidity. So, the animals usually move and feed at night. They prefer cool, damp places, typically residing under rocks, logs, or shrubs. Reproduction The worms are hermaphrodites, with each individual possessing both testes and ovaries. A hammerhead worm can exchange gametes with another worm via its secretions. Fertilized eggs develop inside the body and are shed as egg capsules. After about three weeks, the eggs hatch and the worms mature. In some species, juveniles have different coloration from adults. However, asexual reproduction is much more common than sexual reproduction. Hammerhead worms, like other planaria, are essentially immortal. Usually, a worm reproduces via fragmentation, leaving behind a tail tip stuck to a leaf or other substrate, which then develops into an adult. If the worm is cut into pieces, each section can regenerate into a fully-developed organism within a few weeks. Injured worms rapidly regenerate damaged tissue. Conservation Status None of the species of hammerhead worm have been evaluated for the IUCN Red List, but there is no evidence their numbers are threatened. Land planarians are widely distributed in their natural tropical and subtropical habitats and have extended worldwide. Once established in a greenhouse, the animals disperse into the surrounding region. In cold areas, the worms are able to survive freezing by seeking protected locations. Economic Importance At one time, researchers were concerned terrestrial planarians might damage plants. Over time, they were deemed harmless to greenery, but then a more insidious threat appeared. Hammerhead worms can exterminate earthworm populations. Earthworms are important because they aerate and fertilize soil. While some methods used to control slugs also work on the flatworms, hammerhead worms are considered a threatening invasive species. Their effect on ecosystems has yet to be fully understood. Sources Ducey, P. K.; Cerqua, J.; West, L. J.; Warner, M. (2006). Eberle, Mark E, ed. Rare Egg Capsule Production in the Invasive Terrestrial Planarian Bipalium Kewense. The Southwestern Naturalist. 51 (2): 252. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[252:RECPIT]2.0.CO;2Ducey, P. K.; West, L. J.; Shaw, G.; De Lisle, J. (2005). Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian Bipalium adventitium across North America. Pedobiologia. 49 (4): 367. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002Ducey, P. K.; Messere, M.; Lapoint, K.; Noce, S. (1999). Lumbricid Prey and Potential Herpetofaunal Predators of the Invading Terrestrial Flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola). The American Midland Naturalist. 141 (2): 305. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0305:LPAPHP]2.0.CO;2Ogren, R. E. (1995). Predation behaviour of land planarians. Hydrobiologia. 305: 105–111. doi:10.1007/BF00036370Stokes, A. N.; Ducey, P. K.; Neuman-Lee, L.; Hanifin, C. T.; French, S. S.; Pfrender, M. E.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie Jr., E. D. (2014). Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense). PLoS ONE. 9 (6): e100718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100718

Adress some aspect of criminal justice system in New York City Essay

Adress some aspect of criminal justice system in New York City - Essay Example ken by the city’s criminal justice system, with the active involvement of people, police and other agencies concerned, have been paying rich dividends with regard to crime control. The concept of ‘problem solving justice’ implemented as part of the reforms into the administration of criminal justice system of the New York City has become a trend setter and is heavily appreciated by other countries also. The reforms were so genuine and result oriented that the Commission on English Prisons Today of the UK recommended in one of its recommendations to the Government to take the reforms as a model for bringing out changes in the country’s criminal justice system (Harwood, Para 1 ). The greatness of the ‘problem solving justice’ lies in its ability to address various issues connected with the root causes of crimes. Constitution of community courts is the main component of this type of justice to attend to and solve the crime-provoking issues in the society. To make the courts successful, cooperation of local people is a must. Bean (2003, p.308) explains that responsibility of crime control is not limited to the police and criminal justice agencies alone and that different agencies and social service providers have to coordinate the efforts towards this end. Community courts, set up with proper inputs by the community members, are meant to develop amity between the community members and the legal fraternity and aimed at the sole purpose of bettering the opportunities such as educational facilities, employment and business opportunities and keeping the youth of the community on the right path (Barak, 2007, p. 586). Corriero (2006, p. 154) has explained that these courts are meant for tackling the burning social issues such as drug abuse, domestic violence, unemployment and mental illness. It is common knowledge that these are the potential issues pushing the youth towards the world of crimes when they are negatively connected with them. It is therefore

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Environmental Impacts On Pfizer Business Operation Commerce Essay

Environmental Impacts On Pfizer Business Operation Commerce Essay The operations management is involved in all types of organizations and it is considered as a core value of the organization. Business is a typical field where operations management fits in. However, several other fields require good understanding of operations management such as industry, Healthcare, education, and governmental sectors. The scientific background of these sectors is quite different from each other but the managers in these fields usually share same management qualification. The pharmaceutical companies always reflect the field of science and rarely been thought of their highly demand of operations management. Sales and researches are the main activities in pharmaceutical companies which require certain procedures to be carried out in a specific sequence. Despite its scientific background, pharmaceutical companies procedure would reflect the operations in this type of organization; thus, managing these operations are highly demanded to avoid errors. Pharmaceutical companies are one type that host scientific from several backgrounds. Despite its necessity for high sales achievement, pharmaceutical companies aim to keep their image as a trusted source of information and adding values to the health care culture. As a result, operations in Pharmaceutical companies require indeed a high level of operation management, and challenges that apply to organizations in the business field are applied here as well. Operations management consists of several aspects such strategy, process design, planning and control, supply chain management, and improvement which could be applied on the laboratory work. However, the current study will emphasis only on three aspects related to operations management, which are IT and decision making, performance measurements, and productivity, in the Pharmaceutical companies. Pharmaceutical companies now face a lot of challenges which need more agility to react properly with. Many of those problems are external and unpredicted as what is going to be discussed later. Literature review Information Technology (IT) and Decision Making The emergence of Information Technology (IT) as most efficient tool made the communication, monitoring operations and performance, and managing data easier than before. Sometimes it is used as a product delivery medium in software developing companies for example. As consequence, it becomes a powerful for tool that influences the decision makers for its accuracy and clarity. Numerous researches have been carried out that showed the significant influence of IT on the decision makers. This section will covered various aspects related to IT and decision making in different type of organizations. One obvious example of using IT is the internal communication within an organization. Anderson carried out hypothesis testing research to study the effect of enhanced telecommunication capability on performance while practicing improved strategic decision making and improved coordination of strategic actions. The study investigated the influence of internal communication by using computer networks (Intranet) and external communication through (Internet). The investigation was associated with two strategic decision making approaches (autonomous and participatory) alongside the strategic planning. In order to assess probable environmental contingencies, two different industrial settings that are characterized by low and high levels of dynamism and complexity were used to test the relationship. The use of intranet showed positive association with innovation in less dynamic and complex industries. Whereas internet use indicated positive association with profitability and innovation, but companies following participatory decision approach. On the other hand, the combination of intranet usage and autonomous decision approach was found positively associated with high profitability and sales growth in highly dynamic and complex industries. The combination of internet usage and participatory decision making was found positively associated with higher innovation. Finally, the study revealed that using both internet and participation are highly related to innovation in general. Also, use of Intranet and autonomy has a positive relation with the economic efficiency in dynamic and complex industries. The effect of IT in term of network speed was found to influence the decision making of medical personnel. Networking specialists execute an empirical investigation by constructing testbed to control the network impairment levels. A video obtained from a medical institution was used as well as physicians who evaluated the contribution of video quality to their diagnosis. Despite the utilization of one video and small number of physicians, investigators concluded that medical decision making capability are dependent on video frames instead of overall video quality. Internet . The study was able to show the significant effect of one small aspect of computer networking on the decision making of medical personnel. The effect of IT on strategic decisions in the industrial companies was studied. Executives from thirteen companies in The Netherlands and in Germany were interviewed. Information about decision process followed in thirty two recent decisions . Executives found to apply a rational approach while collecting and using ample information. The structured decision-making process undergoes number of distinct phases before decision is made. The necessary information gathered by IT increases confidence and reduces uncertainty. Authors stated clearly that circumstantial evidence was obtain about changes in the decision making process. The underlying causes of these changes were regarded to developments in new information acquisition and analysis methods, ex. Internet use became common practice. The study revealed that with more relevant information available, decision making process can be controlled efficiently in addition to facilitating rational decision making. The necessity of IT is not restricted to industrial or business firms, the role of information delivery enhances decision-making capabilities of Indian farmers within Indian Tobacoo Companys, e-Choupal initiative . E-Choupal implemented information communication technology (ICT) to increase information deliver among farmers in different areas. On various agricultural practices across the agricultural supply chain, users of e-Choupal significantly show better decision-making aptitudes compared to non e-Choupal users. The study emphasizes the importance of designing information communication technology (ICT) which enables information systems to suit different socio-demographic groups. It is obvious that implementing up-to-date applications in business firm become a priority in highly competitive market. Business environment remain changing every while and required modifiable and scalable IT application to adapt itself instantly when it is required. Often, a dramatic change in market environment requires essential system upgrade. However, decision for investing in system upgrade sometimes remains tough task for managers in term of cost and time to upgrade. Mukherji et.al. clarifies a decision support model able to determine the optimal time and choice of upgrades. Their analysis confirmed that feasible continuous upgrading is not always optimal strategy when the cost is significant. They suggest that necessary upgrade has to take place after measuring the gap between current technology and new technology. As the gap increases and reaches a critical threshold, system upgrade become essential and company priority. Performance Measurements In its general meaning, performance measurement is action of measuring and evaluating particular process of the entire operations performance. Therefore, organizations performance is most important concern for stockholders and company owners. This activity is a helpful tool to know how effective the current operations are as well as how much the organization meets the market demands. Performance measurements vary according to the organization field. Some measurements are very critical at particular organizations and useless in others. A literature review was performed on supply chain performance measurement recommended the adaptation of partnership development, collaboration, agility, flexibility, information productivity and business excellence metrics in performance measurement system. The study indicated further research is required as the environment of this business is changing . Along the same way, most of performance measurement systems practiced is proposed to improve the productivity only. As a result, managers utilize insufficient measures to increase performance, which in turn does not reflect the reason of using this tool. Developing a performance measurement remains challenge. The desired performance measurement system needs to serve both purposes, improved performance and accountability . The human factor was found to play a significant role in improving performance. In practice, performance measurements serve the higher level managers who monitor the overall organization and therefore draw the suitable strategy. Involving managers on the operation level showed a significant impact on performance. It is the consequent enhancing the employees beliefs in performance measurements system and the commitment of operation managers to performance improvement . Authors adopted a developmental approach for performance measurement based on five principles. Among these, building on employees professionalism, transparency and employee ownership, and outside facilitators were more toward employees and leadership rather than measurements themselves. (I advise to remove the below part as Pfizer RD is only in USA Europe and not relevant to the focus case of Pfizer Gulf States) Performance Measurements vs. RD In the field of research and development (RD), defining performance measurement system is very critical and was found to be challenging mission. It is still uncommon among RD organizations. Avoiding the under or over estimating performance is more important issue when it reaches decision making level and motivates people in RD companies. Designing effective performance measurement system properly found hard to achieve and was regarded to the lack of intensive studies in actual context, such as pharmaceutical research field in a biotech company . In healthcare organization, selecting an appropriate performance measurement system is still unresolved issue. One study suggested that performance measurement system has to be sensitive to both changes in the external and internal environment of such organization . Authors proposed a framework that measures performance from both multi and interrelated perspective, specifically effectiveness, flexibility, and efficiency. An early effort seeking a proper definition for performance measurement system for RD activities took place but it was very difficult. The most likely reason is the uncontrollable factors which influence the measurement elements used and hence delay the assessment. These studies was focused mainly on performance measurement such as dimensions of performance to be controlled and the metric measurement of such performance . The drawback of these studies is the ignorance of managerial and organizational meaning of each measure. Taking them into consideration would allow an appropriate use of each measure. This approach will lead to better RD performance analysis with respect to the organizations strategy. Later, Kerssens-van Drongelen and Bilderbeek applied the same idea using Balance Scorecard (BSC) to RD, a performance measurement method that link all four measurements to each other and was suggested by Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton . In general, numerous attempts was found in the literature suggest that efficient performance measurements depend desperately on the type organization and should take its internal and external environment into account. Performance Productivity Measures In principle, productivity is a measurement that used to evaluate the performance. It is necessary to implement various processes in performance measurement but it is more important to include at least one process that has a significant influence on the productivity. They are quite linked to each other and derive confusion often. Performance measurement is highly demanded when goals achievement is under assessment in the top managerial level. It illustrates how efficient the resources are used so it has high impact on the company overall. Productivity Measuring productivity is a challenge and is a result of many factors contributing separately or together. A ratio of output to input is a basic measurement company performance. Thus, variety of ratios can be defined based on the measurements type such as physical or financial terms as well as type of resources implemented in performance assessment . A ratio of current output to current inputs will yield the production technical efficiency. A ratio of current outputs to the maximum possible outputs for a given set of inputs will yield the production cost efficiency. A ratio of current inputs to the minimum possible inputs for a given output level will yield the production capacity utilization efficiency. Therefore, the relationships of productivity propose that productivity ratios are interlinked with various internal processes. It is influenced by the mixture of input factors. Input resource is a combination of capital, labor, etc. and every type of resource has its own effect on productivity to a certain level. Likewise, non-production labor (e.g., product designer, engineers, administrators, and quality inspectors) was found to have a value in manufacturing plants productivity. However, a comparison of the effect of non-production labor with other input resources was not investigated deeply. As a result, lacking the understanding of individual input resources affect might lead to mismanage resource investment hinder the growth of productivity afterward. In this manner, a study was conducted to examine relative elasticity of three input resources on factory productivity (production workers, non-production workers, and capital equipment) away from comparing relative productivity levels . 508 samples from 16 countries were used in the study. Authors developed three hypotheses: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-production workers or capital equipment, have higher elasticity than production workers in most countries studied. This finding suggests factories studied are more automated and require non-production workers to support output. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In developed countries, concentrating the investment on capital equipment showed a significant impact on output, which means that improved productivity is a consequence of improved capital investment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Some countries have higher levels of non-production employee elasticity than other countries. How do you measure the productivity or evaluate the total performance in an organization of professional functions such as purchasing, accounting, personnel, and data processing? Operations Challenges Pfizer Inc. Pfizer was founded by Cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in 1849. Since that time, it has remained dedicated to the discovery and development of disease treatment and healthcare improvement. The company focuses on meeting the worlds diverse health needs and continually evolves to keep pace with the needs and expectations of its stakeholders and society as a whole. The production of Penicillin, Pfizer Helpful Answers, and Medicine Safety website are strong evidence of Pfizers flexibility. Pfizers Executive Leadership Team is the companys senior-most leadership and decision-making body. It brings together top leaders to focus on major financial, strategic and operational decisions. A series of decisions has been made by this team which provides extra evidence of Pfizers high flexibility management. One example is the establishment of two distinct research bodies, Pharma Therapeutics Research Development Group and BioTherapeutics Research Development Group. The decision was made to maximize new opportunities in biomedical research, and bring more innovative medicines to more patients more quickly. Pharma Therapeutics Research Development focuses on the discovery of small molecules and related modalities where BioTherapeutics Research Development Group focuses on large-molecule research such as vaccines. Pfizer has also developed an enhanced commercial operating structure and has nine diverse health care businesses: Primary Care, Specialty Care, Oncology, Emerging Markets, Established Products, Consumer Healthcare, Nutrition, Animal Health and Capsugel. Each of these businesses is managed by an executive who has strong accountability through the entire processes that start at product development level to proof of concept followed by providing access to patients all the way to the end of product life cycle. The businesses are supported by resources to pursue attractive growth opportunities and to deliver benefits to everyone require certain medications around the world. The strategy was made to enable rapid investment on opportunities which would develop the business in turn. The strategy was focused on supporting new successful medicines, increasing partnerships with key customers, entering co-promotion and licensing agreements, investing in new technologies, and acquiring new products and services from outside the company. Environmental Challenges Pfizers Evolution Product uniqueness was the cornerstone of pharmaceutical product success but the whole environment has been changed. The high competition and patency expiration were the most underlying causes the recent dramatic changes in pharmaceutical market. For example, Lipitor Norvasc, the widely used medicines for cholesterol hypertension, is not restricted within Pfizer anymore. These changes placed a huge force on Pfizer to move from a Product Focused company to a Customer Focused company. This mind shift was clearly reflected on the strategies as well as plans operation, which will be discussed shortly in the following context: Information technology its effects on operation decisions Performance measurements which satisfy all stakeholders Performance productivity measures its framework Pfizers Operations and Current Challenges Information Technology and Decision Making It is very crucial for Operations Managers to have clear, consistent reliable data to be able to make right and precise decisions. The role of IT is to make these data manageable and usable rapidly and accurately. Accordingly, decisions are usually about budget setting, processes, performance improvement, and revenue analysis within the company. Many examples would illustrate the importance of IT in Pfizer: 1. Business Technology Department: The information technology solutions unit. 2. Weighting Matrix Project: Customer targeting -segmentation program. 3. e-SMART: Sales force comprehensive reporting system. 4. Gulf States Portal: A Portal where all the different aspects of the commercial activities (Sales, Marketing logistics) executed are analyzed together to measure our ROI. Performance Measurements: A set of performance measures was used by the company to monitor the daily and the short term and long term performance. It ensures how close the company operations are to the right track in terms of achieving the strategic objectives resources usage. These measurements consider all the stakeholders. Performance measurements are dubbed Key performance Indicators or KPIs. The KPIs is helpful signs for an operations manager in Pfizer Gulf States to judge the operation and pinpoint errors. Pfizers Performance Measures: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Financial achievements: Evaluate revenues and profits of short and medium term and monitor sales and overheads to ensuring they match the plans. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On time commitments achievements: in terms of on time supply to the accounts and on time payments to the internal suppliers and on time payments of salaries and expenses of the employees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Consistency of performance in the operations: Observing fluctuation in the performance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Budget restricting processes: The company operates within the budget or not? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Risk and change management: plan the company response to risks or changes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Clear guidelines for the operations: clarity of the processes in each department i.e. criteria of hiring people and qualification of people recruited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Discipline of the company employees: in terms of in and out timings, and their complying with the values and ethics of the company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Optimization of the company design: Evaluate the company structure to estimate the future needs i.e. establishment of key account management department à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Data reliability: evaluate data reliability and accuracy The need for a performance measurements framework: Performance measurements are all interrelated and interlinked with each other, so they are all encompassed together for achieving the goals. Analysis of the Operation Challenges Information Technology in the Operations Decision Areas Business Technology Department Offering innovative IT solutions improved the performance of several processes and helped in achieving the overall Pfizer Gulf States objectives. Developing an automated dash board where all the data (sales, consumption stocks, and market data) are encompassed on regular basis to enable both operations manager and senior managers make the right decision forecast. It allows a rapid response to any risk or change before it virtually harms the performance. Weighting Matrix Project It has an essential role in stating the concept of (customer focused) company. The system filters the costumers to different layers by weighting them according to coverage area and value of investment. The system then suggest particular layer to be focused on. e-SMART Reporting system enables all the operations processes of the field force (sales teams) to be reported. The system delivers and analyzes both field force activities performance and feedback. It enables senior managers make their decisions about operations reforms or changes. Gulf Portals The latest innovation of the company is the Gulf Portals that evaluate the performance of the operation processes. Gulf Portals is deep analysis achieved by comparing directly the input of the company to the output. Gulf Portals receives all the information about the number of visits, and number of activities investment per account, Then it compare those data to the revenue of each account. For example, if a sales person has 2 accounts A B, and he spent 2000 visits equally for those account annually. Account A achieved 30% of the total budget, while Account B achieved 70%, so was that the optimal exploitation of the time effort? The answer is no, hence we need to reallocate visits between these 2 account, and the same is true regarding any other resource. So, its a matter of reallocating the company resources for a better outcome. Performance Measurement to Satisfy Various Stakeholder Groups According to Pfizer operations manager, KPIs has to be a real measurement for the job description of operations manager as it is summarized below: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Participating with senior managers in plans setup, forecast and budgets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aligning the resources of Enabling Functions (HR, Finance, Logistics and IT) with the opposite part (commercial parties) of the Core Functions(Sales, Marketing and medical) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Facilitating decision making related to employees, investments and strategies in all the departments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Continuing improvement of the process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Re-engineering the company design when needed to cope with changes and risks. Performance objectives or KPIs has to satisfy all stakeholders, internally and externally, for reasons shown below: Financial objectives are vital to satisfy the senior managers and external audits because every business will end up with the level of profits. Moreover, on time commitments is a common interest for all stakeholders such as employees, senior managements, internal suppliers and customers which become priority according to customer focused strategy. Senior managers concern is performance long term consistency and prepared for market dynamics. Reducing the operation cost will increase the net profit directly and will satisfy the senior management and the audits. Having clear guidelines to follow and to minimize errors may occur within the operations. Discipline of the employees is a good indicator the people compliance inside the company to the rules and strategies applied. Company design is a crucial issue for reacting with the changes. For instance, new regulations in the market, based on new policies and cost cutting, gave Pfizer an indication of the necessity to establish new department called (Key Account Management) to focus on the key accounts and to secure the business. Reliable data is the basis of any successful plan and determining the achievements also needed by stakeholders. The Need for a Performance Measurements Framework Productivity is part of performance measurements as it is the ultimate goal of the company. The direct link between each performance measurement and represented productivity measurement can be noticed. Financial achievements: improvement in achieving financial goals is an indication of productivity increment, the more Pfizer achieves goals with cost effective the more its productive On time commitments achievements: on time commitment allows more product consumption and prescriptions loss. It increases the demand and the sales consequently. More Commitment with suppliers will force them to be restricted to time frame which enables smooth steadiness supply to maintain Pfizers productivity. Along the same way, employees will becaome more motivated to achieve their target, which is a very important element for improving productivity. Consistency of performance in the operations: Consistency ensures high productivity level and avoids backlog. For example, satisfying the customers demands and expedite their shipments by increasing performance of some products would help increasing sales. Budget restricting processes: complying with budget is certainly a synonym for doing the best cheaply. So, restricting with budget leads to optimum use of the resources and ends up with increasing the profit. Risk and change management: It reflects the reliability and the agility of the company to react properly to any change or risk to keep the company productive and profitable constantly. That is, fast reaction to the exclusion of one product from Health Authority Formulary will help the company to return it to the Formulary after two weeks only to secure the business. Clear guidelines for the operations: Understanding operations guidelines is critical to do the job correctly within time frame to reach high level of professionalism. Along the same way, it minimizes errors and failure in the operations, reduces the cost, and raises performance and productivity. For instance, setting up a criterion for marketing approvals prevents time and investment loss. Discipline of the company employees: According to Pfizer ethics and laws, employees discipline minimizes errors and reduces loss. if a product manager put an off-label indication for a medicine in a campaign, the company will be entitled to millions of dollars as a penalty. Also ensuring that employees effort will be reflected on the productivity. Optimization of the company design: A proper design maximizes the use of human resources. The recent restructure of business units in Pfizer to serve customer focused strategy showed better performance and productivity. Also creating new departments helped the company in maintaining business growth, such as the key account managers dept. which allowed the company to build relationships to the decision makers in the market. Data reliability: data can be used to show an adequate description of productivity and performance; however, it demands high level of accuracy and consistency to give the company a clear vision to current situation. Finally, we can say that performance measurements are closely related to the productivity so that to achieve the company goals. The need for clear framework that includes satisfaction of the internal and external stakeholders was achieved by Pfizers management (see figure 1). Figure 1. Performance Measurements used by Pfizer Conclusions Comparison of Case with Theory Information Technology and Decision Making Pfizer Gulf States has improved its business operations in the past two years through the utilization of tailored IT solutions to fit in pharmaceutical industry in the Gulf. Considering customer centricity, the operational decisions which was made to expose both resources and established projects to the right customer within precise program was successfully achieved. Managers utilized right applications that were fed with data about the market which interpreted significant information about the market demand and business opportunities. The holistic approach application analyzes sales, projects, and competition performance data to retrieve clear guidance for operations managers. The integration of this approach highlighted areas where alignment across different functions is required. Therefore, it ensures successful execution and customer satisfaction for service and value added programs Performance measurement to satisfy various stakeholder groups: The satisfaction of the various stakeholders has been always the prime objective of the executive team in any successful organisation, especially in pharmaceutical industry. Hence, the operations managers are always keen to have clear KPI to both internal team members and relevant stakeholders. These managers ensure successful execution of the different tactics corresponded to the relevant strategies to meet the companys objectives. At Pfizer Gulf States, as a part of the Pfizer Global company, various stakeholders within Pfizer Africa Middle East leadership team expect clear KPIs that ensure operational objectives along with the overall business objectives. These KPIs focus on measuring the level of employees engagement with clear metrics every year. Therefore, proper evaluation and continious improvement to employees performance. The Need for a Performance Measurement Framework In matrix structured organizations, ensuring alignment across all functions working together to create deliver the service or product is vital for business success. A framework of KPIs and productivity measures has proven to be with a synergic effect on business revenues in Pfizer Gulf States. Working on growth opportunities which was sought out from the market potential is linked with clear framework for the KPIs. This clarity enables operations manager to make adjustments and follow up easily. Recommendations With no doubt, IT showed positive impact in operations within Pfizer Gulf States. Nevertheless, it indicates the success of movement toward more innovative approaches in utilizing IT with more concentration on customer information. Basically, it analyzes costumers data for

Counterculture Essay -- Culture Cultural Movements Sixties 60s Papers

Counterculture For the first time in American history, a large population of people of all ages, classes, and races came together to challenge the traditional institutions, traditional values in society, and "the establishment" in general. Youth, women, ethnic minorities, environmentalists, migrant workers and others caused the emergence of the counter culture. This cultural movement from 1960 to 1973 was caused by many factors. This era was one that was filled with many important events that shaped the way that Americans viewed life. Those who were unhappy with what was going on around them and took part in this social phenomenon reflected and demonstrated their attitudes, values, and ideals in many ways. Various things from protests to songs expressed their views and made their point get across to America. This cultural movement had a profound impact on society. It had both beneficial and detrimental effects on the society. As we look back on the sixties, it was one of the most important decades because it accomplished so many important things. The sixties was an era that was filled with so many important events that caused people to become actively involved in challenging the structure of American society and taking a stand. Civil rights was one of the most important issues. African Americans were still treated unequally although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were supposed to grant them equality. Separate but equal wasn't enough for most people. Incidents where African Americans were denied rights caused much rebellion. When Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, Montgomery's black community boycotted the buses. These incidents became more frequent and more people took... ...ew the society and take action. The actions of women, youth, African Americans, environmentalists and other caused the emergence of the counter culture that had such a profound impact on society. Although there were many different factors causing the surfacing of the counter culture and many different methods to challenge the traditional society, the goals of all of the groups were the same. They all wanted some form of change and change was what they got in return for their actions. Although women are still paid less than men, and there are still many more whites than blacks in government positions, the sixties was an era of progress. The counter culture has paved the way for American society today and created a country that allows and accepts free expression and doesn't frown down upon those who challenge the long-established society values and institutions. Counterculture Essay -- Culture Cultural Movements Sixties 60s Papers Counterculture For the first time in American history, a large population of people of all ages, classes, and races came together to challenge the traditional institutions, traditional values in society, and "the establishment" in general. Youth, women, ethnic minorities, environmentalists, migrant workers and others caused the emergence of the counter culture. This cultural movement from 1960 to 1973 was caused by many factors. This era was one that was filled with many important events that shaped the way that Americans viewed life. Those who were unhappy with what was going on around them and took part in this social phenomenon reflected and demonstrated their attitudes, values, and ideals in many ways. Various things from protests to songs expressed their views and made their point get across to America. This cultural movement had a profound impact on society. It had both beneficial and detrimental effects on the society. As we look back on the sixties, it was one of the most important decades because it accomplished so many important things. The sixties was an era that was filled with so many important events that caused people to become actively involved in challenging the structure of American society and taking a stand. Civil rights was one of the most important issues. African Americans were still treated unequally although the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were supposed to grant them equality. Separate but equal wasn't enough for most people. Incidents where African Americans were denied rights caused much rebellion. When Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat on the bus to a white person, Montgomery's black community boycotted the buses. These incidents became more frequent and more people took... ...ew the society and take action. The actions of women, youth, African Americans, environmentalists and other caused the emergence of the counter culture that had such a profound impact on society. Although there were many different factors causing the surfacing of the counter culture and many different methods to challenge the traditional society, the goals of all of the groups were the same. They all wanted some form of change and change was what they got in return for their actions. Although women are still paid less than men, and there are still many more whites than blacks in government positions, the sixties was an era of progress. The counter culture has paved the way for American society today and created a country that allows and accepts free expression and doesn't frown down upon those who challenge the long-established society values and institutions.